Observing Nonverbal Communication

Choose one of the following activities and record your observations in the space provided.Watch a television drama or comedy and write down all of the instances of nonverbal communication that you see. After watching the program, list each instance, classify it based on the list of types below, and place a plus sign (+) next to any example that contributed to the message and a minus sign (-) next to any that detracted from the message.Go to a park or shopping mall and sit in one spot where you can view different groups of people. Observe moods, body stance, hand gestures, eye movement, and voice pitch. Notice the different types of nonverbal communication exhibited by people of different ages (e.g., between two teenagers, two children, a teenager and a parent, a child and a parent, two adults). Note any nonverbal communication that suggests that people may be making decisions or resolving conflicts. Observe carefully and take good notes.For both activities, refer to the list of the e ight types of nonverbal communication as needed.body movements facial expressions and eye movements self-presentation distance touch time voiceGroup of girls feeling happy after finishing their exams.It suddenly started to rain and one of the friends with high voice tone said † I have brought my umbrella. She said â€Å"I am not like you guys, Who are having theirs cars and drivers†( Showing angry face).All girls went for lunch giving the umbrella to the girl who was very happy about finishing her exam and felt like dancing. Meanwhile the girl's mother called and asked her to come home while she was leaving for London. The girl  felt nervous and was squeezing her hands.* body movement- (-) I am not like you having drivers and cars) * facial expression-(+)girls feeling happy, (-)showing angry face, (-)girl felt nervous) * self presentation- (-) the girl was squeezing her hand, (+) i have brought my umbrella. * voice-(+) I have brought my umbrella! ( with high tone voic e).

Prevention Of A Disease Health And Social Care Essay

The current definition of wellness is â€Å" being sound in organic structure, head or spirit † ( Gordon, 1988 ) . It differs from the traditional definition which defined wellness as â€Å" being free of disease † . Hence both of these definitions include the construct of an person ‘s well being by taking all those steps which can maintain him free of the disease. The thought of function of diet and other preventative steps in disease is non a new one as Hippocrates ( 460 BC – 377 BC ) said â€Å" our nutrient should be our medical specialty. † The same impression was supported by Thomas Edison ( 1847-1931 ) the celebrated discoverer, when he said the â€Å" physician of the hereafter will give no medical specialty, but will involvement her or his patients in the attention of the human frame, in a proper diet, and in the cause and bar of disease † . The bar of a disease includes a figure of factors both at the degree of an single and at the degree of community. It has evolved as an independent subdivision of medical specialty including many subjects such as anthropology, epidemiology, the designation and survey of diseases hypertext transfer protocols: //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-disease-prevention.htm. Harmonizing to figures â€Å" preventable diseases/illness † history for 80 % of the entire load of unwellness and 90 % of the entire wellness attention costs ( hypertext transfer protocol: //preventdisease.com/prevention/prevention.html ) . Furthermore, they account for eight of the nine taking classs of death.A Assorted factors lending towards disease bar are restricting smoke and consumption of intoxicant, a healthy diet, effectual exercising, physical activity and weight control, decrease of emphasis and regular showing and trials ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cd-mc/healthy_living-vie_saine-eng.php ) . In instance of bar of sexual diseases, the steps will include safe sex etc. ( Well, 2010 ) . As justly mentioned by Thomas Edison, an person ‘s nutrient and diet have been recognized to hold a function in wellness and disease ( Branca et al, 2001 ) . Assorted dietetic factors play influential function in most common and of import wellness issues. Harmonizing to WHO, the coronary bosom disease, shot, malignant neoplastic diseases and diabetes mellitus are among the top 10 causes of decease in high-income states ( WHO, 2008 ) . The etiology of these diseases is multifactorial nevertheless, there is some possible for dietetic use ( Branca et al, 2001 ) . This is most applicable in instance of coronary bosom diseases and shot where the dietetic factors play their portion by transition of blood lipoids and their leaning for oxidization. The inclusion of fish oils in diet lessening the opportunities of thrombosis ( Kromhout et al, 2001 ) . In instance of malignant neoplastic diseases, fats, fiber and anti-oxidant vitamins and minerals have been related to development of mali gnant neoplastic disease. Dietary factors account for 30 % of all malignant neoplastic diseases in Western states while 20 % of all malignant neoplastic diseases in developing states ( WHO, 2010a ) . Another important factor that plays a outstanding function in disease bar is the life-style form. Physical activity and exercising are the most of import determiners of life manner form while other factors include smoke and intoxicant etc. ( WHO, 2010a ) . These effects of diet and life manner forms have been widely recognized and this can be shown by the fact that the recommendations on diet and life manner are advised to diminish the hazard of bosom disease by CDC ( 2009 ) and WHO ( 2010b ) . Furthermore, early sensing of some diseases such as cervical showing for cervical malignant neoplastic disease, mammograms for early sensing of chest malignant neoplastic disease, regular monitoring of cholesterin and blood force per unit area for bosom disease besides contribute to disease bar. A survey ( Wannamethee et al, 1998 ) to place the consequence of assorted hazard factors associated with bosom diseases was carried out. It examined the combined consequence of assorted life manner patterns non merely on the survival rates but besides 15 twelvemonth endurance rates with a cardiovascular disease and diabetes free life. It was revealed that a 50 twelvemonth old adult male has an 89 % opportunity of lasting to 65 without developing coronary bosom disease, stroke or diabetes if he has ne'er smoked, is physically active and non fleshy. On the other manus, if he smokes, is inactive and really overweight he merely has a 42 % opportunity. It can be therefore inferred that the control of many of the preventable factors can hold a positive influence on dearly-won and crippling conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, malignant neoplastic disease, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases ( WHO, 2002 ) . With the addition in the people populating with the chronic conditions for old ages and old ages, these diseases are thought to hold a potency of going the most expensive jobs faced by our wellness attention systems. Hence an effectual and successful bar and direction of these diseases has been identified as indispensable or otherwise chronic conditions pose a menace to all states from a wellness and economic point of view ( WHO, 2002 ) . However, it was recognized that the health care systems do non do the best usage of their available resources to pull off the procedure of disease bar ( WHO, 2002 ) . This has besides been highlighted by others and it was advocated that â€Å" wellness † industry would be better named as â€Å" illness † industry due to its tendency on handling the symptoms of disease once it has been contacted instead than bar of the disease runing from common cold to cancerous conditions ( Pilzer, 2005 cited in hypertext transfer protocol: //elib.kkf.hu/okt_publ/szf_26_09.pdf ) . As a consequence of this, new industry has been developed which is the â€Å" health † industry which focuses on doing people stronger and healthier. All over the universe it is already a $ 200 billion concern with most of the gross coming from dietetic addendums while harmonizing to Pilzer ( 2005 cited in hypertext transfer protocol: //elib.kkf.hu/okt_publ/szf_26_09.pdf ) another extra $ 1 trillion of the economic system will be devoted to wellness merchandises and services. Owing to the load of preventable disease and old deficiency of focal point on disease bar, in 2002 WHO recommended that every wellness attention should include bar support programmes ( WHO, 2002 ) . This recommendation to the full supports Edison ‘s statement and it can be said that his anticipation was right about the hereafter of medical specialty. If patients are consistently provided with all the information about the hazard factors such as baccy, intoxicant, safe sex, healthy nutrients and physical activity. Such information can cut down the long-run load and wellness attention demands dramatically. WHO advocated that in order to advance bar in wellness attention, there is a demand for raising consciousness and advance a alteration in thought of patients, households and wellness attention squads, communities and policy shapers. At primary wellness attention degree, a collaborative direction attack with patients, their households and wellness attention professionals is indi spensable to efficaciously diminish the preventable diseases which contribute much to the load of disease ( WHO, 2002 ) . These programmes promote the entree to preventive wellness attention by the agencies of primary attention doctors. In US, this was achieved by integrating bar into primary wellness attention by managed attention organisations ( MCOs ) ( WHO, 2002 ) . These MCOs can work efficaciously as they have big, chiseled populations and have informations about wellness and wellness attention which let them to turn to the bar steps. Such a programme would hold been about impossible in a disconnected wellness attention bringing system ( Hall, 2005 ) . NHS has besides developed assorted wellness attention preventative programmes for different diseases such as coronary bosom disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and assorted malignant neoplastic diseases. For illustration NHS program includes join forcesing with other bureaus and develop, implement and proctor policies to cut down the hazard factors in the population. This is done by affecting the general practicians and primary attention squads in placing patients with established cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and advice them to cut down hazard factors. They besides identify the people at hazard of CVD and offer them comprehensive advice ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/Browsable/DH_4902634 ) . Furthermore, testing programmes for chest malignant neoplastic disease and cervical showing are besides runing. Inoculations available for assorted diseases to susceptible persons besides contribute to these preventative programmes. In conformity with Thomas ‘s statement, it is the physician or doctor which plays a cardinal function in emphasizing the preventative steps. However, due to continued disease theoretical account patterns, doctors might be really sabotaging the preventative services ( Hall, 2005 ) . Assorted surveies suggest that there is a deficiency of physician engagement in preventative services and doctors perform 20 % to 60 % of the preventative activities that have been recommended. However, most of the doctors believe that patient instruction about preventative steps and hazard factors is the duty of doctors ( Hall, 2005 ) . In add-on to doctors ‘ function, there is a demand for stairss to be taken at community degree for disease bar. At the degree of community, different disease bar schemes have been developed. These include stairss such as sanitising imbibing H2O, clean life conditions, widespread inoculation programmes. These programmes have proved effectual in communities on a wider graduated table while the physicians or doctors can still concentrate on single patient instruction ( http: //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-disease-prevention.htm ) . In drumhead although preventable diseases contribute significantly to disease load nevertheless they can be prevented. Assorted schemes that can cut down these diseases include healthy diet, cut downing smoke and intoxicant, early sensing and increasing physical activity. Health attention systems can integrate effectual preventative programmes affecting patients, their households, doctors and other wellness attention suppliers.

Finance and Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance and Accounting - Essay Example The companies’ compliance with IFRS standards can effectively help predict the future financial outcomes and reduce irresponsible cosmetic accounting practices. The company’s compliance with all International Financial Reporting Standards will translate to better prediction of forecasting future business outcomes. For example, the compliance with standards requires that the company present the historical sales amount s for the past two years. If the sales for 2010 is $ 250,000 and sales for 2011 is $295,000. Any keen financial statement analyst or reader can easily forecast next year’s forecasted sales will exceed $300,000, all other factors being equal (Wiley 14). Further, relevant and valid financial information (balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows) must be relevant to the needs of the financial statement users. To relevant, the financial statements must comply with the predictive value tenets of the International Financial Reporting St andards. Consequently, the financial statement users can increase the reliability of the decision makers (Epstein 13). The International Financial Reporting Standards required that the financial statement should be prepared to enhance the decision making process (Jermkowcz 29). For example, International Financial Reporting Standards require the entities to report long term loans under the liabilities section of the financial reports. ... Compliance will make the forecasting activity more realistic (Porter799). In terms of forecasting value of the International Financial Reporting Standards, the financial reports should be prepared using the fair market value in recording sales or other related amounts. For example, the buyer agrees to the seller’s ?2,000 selling price pegged for one factory production equipment. Consequently, the factory production equipment is recorded in the company’s assets portion of the company’s balance sheet at ?2,000. The amount represents the customer’s fair market value of the purchased equipment. Specifically, the fair value portion of the International Financial Reporting Standards can be found in IFRS no. 2, IFRS no. 3, IFRS no 7, International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) no 16, IAS no. 39, IAS no. 40, as well as IAS no 41 (Walton 13). During the preparation of financial statements, there are many situations when International Financial Reporting Standar ds insists on focusing on ensuring the predictive or forecasting goals. For example, the standards describe the company’s financial assets as any resource that is controlled by the entity as a consequence of the entities’ prior transactions. Such asset items must have future economic benefits flowing into the business equation. Consequently, the standards require the companies to raise or lower their asset values, depending on external factors (Shamrock 8). (b) Creative accounting (causes, techniques, & effects) Cosmetic accounting causes trigger some impacts. The company’s desire to seek the bank’s approval of their long term loan applications prods the company to increase its revenues. Normally, banks base their loan approvals on

Do you agree with Hedley Bulls comment the 'International society has Essay

Do you agree with Hedley Bulls comment the 'International society has always been present' in the world political system - Essay Example Especially claim that the basic component of politics is the element of mutual actions and regulations shouldn’t be underestimated. Modern world politics can be considered to have international society if we refer to statement by Bull, who underlines that if there are institutions that propagate and support states’ cooperation, such as international affairs, international organizations, and weight force regulationi. As far as we know, modern politics have such kind of institutions. Therefore it is possible to claim that statement by Bull on international society existence in modern politics works though it should be taken into account that there are a lot of debates on international society existence in world politics due to numerous global international problemsii. Nevertheless practical adaptation of this statement has met a lot of obstacles and will hardly be used in the future. Methodology of Bull can unite states in their common goals and values though international society in accordance with Bull can be determined on two main concepts: pluralism and solidarism. If to follow Bull we can conclude that all the states are united in states system united by community of interests, values, rules and institutions. The difference is as follows: a solidarist international society is striving for progress, development and propagation of international law. Further on we’ll ground our discussion on a solidarist international society. This approach of Bull is more relevant for modern politics. Developing this idea, force can be justified and legitimate if it protects and enforces international law. As far as we can see, Bull tends to generalization and unification. He supports systematization. But where is the boundary between ‘system†™ and ‘society’? Does it exist? Or do these concepts are transformed in one another and blurred to such an extent that they are justified to be considered

Spiritual Movement of Tantra Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spiritual Movement of Tantra - Research Paper Example Even in modern day religions, or in religions that have been altered by New Age adaptations, like Tibetan Buddhism and branches of Hinduism, elements of Tantra are widely implemented and very evident. Since Tantra does not focus on cosmology and deities, it is easily combined with other religious and spiritual practices. Given its widespread use, especially in the Western world, Tantra has more than one definition, and many of them clash with one another. Western scholars define Tantra as a form of western scholarship, and not in any relation to a religious system. They place little to no significance on its origination in Asia, nor on its connection with other spiritual practices. Those who actually practice Tantra openly reject this definition, insisting that Tantra is merely the teachings and practices found in the scriptures known as tantras. Furthermore, practitioners of Tantra believe that Tantra cannot be defined as a whole, as the Western world has tried to do, but based on each individual tantra scripture. As such, Tantra is not just a philosophy, which is the belief of many Westerns, but also a spiritual way of life. The tantra scriptures are the most vital parts of the Tantra path. A tantra is considered a tantra when it â€Å"elaborates copious and profound matters, especially relating t o the principles of reality and sacred matters, and because it provides salvation† (Jain 37). Tantras refer not only to the designated scriptures that started the movement, but scriptures, practices, and rituals that were created subsequent to the origination of Tantra. Further tantras were created when practitioners had perused the primary Tantric scriptures, which are known as the agama. The agama is made up of four parts: descriptions of metaphysical knowledge (jnana), contemplative procedures (yoga), ritual regulations (kriya), and religious and ethical commands (charya). When new tantras are designed, if they are able to be placed within one of these four categories, they are usually accepted by other practitioners. These many scriptures are, in essence, the guidebook of being Tantric. The purpose of Tantra and of following these scriptures is to reach a higher level of existence, one that can be obtained by individuals other than ordained monks, which is the appeal of Ta ntra. Ordinary people are not exempt from achieving the highest and greatest level of existence. Tantra’s belief system focuses on reality as a whole, coupled with a single Divine Consciousness, a consciousness that individuals have, yet share with others. Moreover, as Tantra erased the line between the spiritual and the mundane, practitioners are able to experience spiritual realization in every aspect of their day-to-day lives. Tantra allows laymen to have access to the Divine Consciousness and the liberation and salvation that comes with adhering to the tantra scriptures in a normal, nonspiritual setting. The overall spiritual goal of Tantra is to â€Å"bring about an inner realization of the truth that ‘Nothing exists that is not Divine’† (Guenther & Trungpa 41). Buddhist Tantra explains it best, claiming that we are all in union with universal energy; we have everything that we need to be complete within us right now, but we just need to learn how to recognize it. This is where Tantra comes in. Every individual has the ability to be Divine, as this is their true nature, albeit untapped. It is through Tantra that individuals can reach this state of divine existence. Tantra brings liberation ignorance and from suffering, which is a common goal in Eastern-based religions, with an emphasis on the individual being the one that holds their own

Antietam Battle Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Antietam Battle Analysis - Essay Example Besides, the growth and development of democratic ideas forced the Northern States to fight against the Southern states which was under the influence of slavery, forced labor and slave trade. The battle of Antietam can be considered as a turning point in history of the struggle for freedom and individual liberty in America. Still, the victory of the Union forces under the direct leadership of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan proves the importance of military tactics, experience and single minded dedication in the battle field. On the other side, the Confederate forces failed to defeat the Union forces because they did not provide ample importance to military tactics and waited for reinforcement forces. In short, the battle of Antietam led the Americans, especially the African American slaves, towards freedom from slavery and forced labor. The Battle of Antietam occurred on 17 September 1862, in and the surrounding areas of Sharpsburg. The other areas include Maryland and Antietam Creek. The battle occurred between the Confederate forces (Confederate States Army) and Union forces (Union Army) in the American mainland. This battle is generally considered as a turning point in the American Civil War, which ignited the spirit of freedom among the slaves, especially the African Americans in America. The Confederate side was led by General Robert E. Lee, and the Union Army was under the direct control of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan. ... Besides, the Battle of Antietam was a single-day battle but it resulted in high casualty. Both the opposing sides were forced to suffer heavy loss because thousands of deaths were reported. But the lack of planning related to warfare techniques hindered the Union Army from destroying the Southern Army. To be specific, Union forces possessed enough resources to destroy the Southern side. But lack of planning from the side of McClellan helped the Southern Army to have ample time to withdraw from the battlefield. Eventually, the Southern forces withdrew from Maryland to Virginia. On the other side, the Southern side’s decision to withdraw from Maryland helped Abraham Lincoln to announce and implement the decision to prohibit slavery and free the slaves in America. So, one can see that the Antietam Battle eventually led America to be a unified federation, which is against slavery and in favor of democratic ideas. Some of the resources used in this work include: Battle of Antietam: The Bloodiest Day by Ted Alexander, Grant and Lee: Victorious American and Vanquished Virginian by Edward H. Bonekemper, and Historical Atlas of the United States, with Original Maps by Derek Hayes. Review Strategic Setting: As pointed out, Antietam Battle ignited the spirit of democratic though and changed the general opinion on slavery and forced labor. The immediate cause of the battle is interconnected with the clash between the southern and Northern states in America on slavery, forced labor, and slave trade. Stephen W. Sears claims that â€Å"The realities of Antietam were brought home to the Northern citizenry more vividly than any previous battle† (Sears 2003, 20).1 The

Lululemon's exploration of England Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lululemon's exploration of England - Case Study Example Lululemon is a premium brand offered at premium prices which make it near to impossible for the competitors to imitate. Lululemon believes on community involvement in its business and thus allows others to imitate its products or technology used to manufacture products. This business practice is in alignment with Lululemon’s â€Å"doing-the-right-thing† initiative. The aim was to support community members to take an active part in achieving excellence in healthy habits. But the competitors find it difficult to imitate Lululemon’s products or strategies because it is very costly and requires a great set of skills to produce a Lululemon’s product. The way Lululemon has structured its organizational hierarchy facilitates smooth functioning of the business. The headquarter is stationed in Canada where the product designing and concept manipulation is carried out. Moreover, the headquarters also handles the financial controlling function of the business. Whereas the business in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States is handled by the respective authorities in these countries so as to provide these subsidiaries autonomy over their business practices. This is beneficial in a manner, that it provides a room for the business to adopt the local taste and social structure to market products in an efficient manner. Although, the control of business related matter is in the hand of management of these local subsidiaries, the product manufacturing and financial controlling is still taken care by the head office.

Classical composer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Classical composer - Essay Example in the fourth year of his age, father, for a game as it were, began to teach him a few minuets and pieces at the clavier.†(Deutsch pp.  454–462) He was about five years old when he begun making his own music which he played to his father who annotated them. Recognizing the special abilities of his children, Leopold devoted more time to teaching his children. He was a loving father as he was an exacting teacher. Wolfgang, though, found pleasure in learning. He â€Å"was motivated to make progress even beyond what his father was teaching him. His first independent (and ink-spattered) composition, and his initial ability to play the violin, were both his own doing and were a great surprise to Leopold.† (Deutsch pp.  452–453) At that point, Leopold started to consider ambitious plans in his mind. Partly perhaps out of parental pride, partly perhaps out of duty as he did not doubt his children’s talent were God-given, he set forth to bring his young prodigies on tour to the courts of Europe. Wolfgang was six when in January, 1762, his father brought them to the nearby Munich court of Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria. It was Wolfgang’s first exposition. The following three years were hectic for the young Mozarts. Leopold Mozart took his family to a long concert tour to the courts of Munich, Mannheim, Paris, London and The Hague. This foreshadowed the eight more years ahead of traveling Europe.. It was during these travels and performances when the young Wolfgang also met other musicians and got acquainted with their works. A prolific writer, Mozart wrote many of his music during that period of travel. â€Å"Most composers created music at the point of a pencil, writing and erasing over and over until they got down what they wanted.   Mozart, however, created exclusively in his head; then he wrote it all out once, once only, never erasing a note.†Ã‚  (Shepherd, pg. 5) Following their final return to Salzburg in 1773, Mozart, who was seventeen then, was

Socialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Socialism - Essay Example    America is perceived as an exceptional country by many of the political thinkers. In fact the term American exceptionalism is generally used when people try to compare American societies with other societies. â€Å"There is no questioning the fact that, from the last quarter of the nineteenth century on, the most developed country has been the United States† (LIPSET & MARKS). In other words, the conditions of the working class was comparatively better in United States than in any other country in the world from the latter half of 19 th century onwards. So, American workers never thought about forming a political party to safeguard their interests as it happened in Europe and other parts of the world. Engels attributed the political backwardness of American workers to the absence of a feudal past. Thus, he wrote in 1890 that Americans "are born conservatives—just because America is so purely bourgeois, so entirely without a feudal past and therefore proud of its pur ely bourgeois organization" (LIPSET & MARKS). Unlike many other societies in Europe and other parts of the world, feudalism had not much roots in America societies. In other words, the working class never experienced much trouble from the dominant wealthy community even though American economy was a capitalist economy.

Enhlish Critical Lens Essay Example for Free

Enhlish Critical Lens Essay According to Patrick Ness, â€Å"It’s not how you fall, it’s how you get back up again†. In other words, life is full of obstacles and hardships. But what is most important is to persevere, and I defiantly agree with this statement. Two literary works that support this statement are â€Å"Mother to Son† by Langston Hughes, and The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros. In the poem â€Å"Mother to Son†, the speaker admits that her life has been difficult, but despite the hardships, she does not give up. She uses an extended metaphor to describe to her son, how even though her life has been hard, she still moves on. The metaphor describes her difficult life to be a dilapidated staircase. The times are metaphorically described as the â€Å"splinters, boards torn up, no carpet, bare†. Despite these problems the mother encourages her son to keep on climbing, as she has done her entire life. In the novel, The House on Mango Street, Esperanza grows up in a poor neighborhood but refuses to be limited by her surroundings. She uses literary elements to describe how horrible her place of living is and how she overcomes the will to give up. The setting in witch she is surrounded by is described as being poor, segregated, unwelcoming and just plain beaten down. For example when Esperanza says in the literary work, â€Å"The House on Mango Street is small and red with tight steps in front and the windows so small you’d think they were holding their breath† just describes a little bit how bad she thinks of her home. But even though she hates her surroundings she is faced with a conflict. Esperanza, versus nature. She hates her setting, but yet still wants to persevere. In both the novel, The House on Mango Street, and the poem â€Å"Mother to Son†, the narrators are faced with struggle and hardship. A mother trying to block out the negativity in her sons head, to allow him to persevere, and a young adult trying to understand that even though times can be rough, she can still move on, and still survive.

Ganglioneuroblastoma During Pregnancy †Case Report

Ganglioneuroblastoma During Pregnancy – Case Report Rare case of ganglioneuroblastoma during pregnancy – case report Abstract Ganglioneuroblastoma is a very rare tumor, especially in pregnancy. So far the association between this tumor and pregnancy has not been reported. We present a case of ganglioneuroblastoma relapse at a 3rd trimester pregnant woman. Neurological symptoms developed late, increased by the effects of pregnancy on the brain tumor. Therapeutic management in this case represents a medical dilemma regarding mode setting and timing of delivery, taking into account the maternal-fetal risk-benefit. In this case caesarean section under general anesthesia was settled, with the need of postpartum brain tumor excision. Keywords: ganglioneuroblastoma, pregnancy, treatment, caesarean section Introduction Ganglioneuroblastoma is a neuroblastic tumor containing malignant elements characteristic to neuroblastoma and benign elements found in ganglioneurinoma (1). Intracranial tumors are extremely rare in pregnancy (2). By their rarity and their diagnosis in the last trimester of pregnancy, intracranial tumors have an increased risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Cranial tumors tend to increase and become symptomatic in the last trimester of pregnancy, the causes not being entirely known. Therefore any woman with an existing neurological condition should consult her obstetrician and her neurologist before she becomes pregnant (3). Management of these cases should evaluate whether the mothers and the fetuss lives are threatened. A multidisciplinary team recommends the optimal timing for the termination of pregnancy, as determined by the fetus maturity and mothers neurological condition (4). The present study reports one case of pregnant women in the third trimester with ganglioneuroblastoma. The patient underwent caesarean section under general anesthesia at 36 weeks gestation with favorable postoperative evolution. So far, there are no well-established protocols regarding the management of intracranial tumors (especially ganglioneuroblastoma) in pregnant women. Case report I.A., 20-year-old woman, G1P1L0, was admitted to our hospital due to weak, irregular uterine contractions in her 36th week of gestation. Patient’s history: in 2005 the patient was diagnosed with right parietal lobe ganglioneuroblastoma. She had undergone surgery followed by radiochemotherapy and anticonvulsive therapy with phenytoin for about one year with favorable outcome. Six years following resection, the patient had no radiologic recurrence. The pregnant woman was taken out by a gynecologist in the first trimester of pregnancy, with the usual analyzes of pregnancy, ultrasound and regular prenatal checkups without objective neurological signs until the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Therapeutic attitude assumed identification of neurological symptoms in order to determine the optimal treatment, maintaining a low fetal risk and continuing uncomplicated pregnancy until birth. Methods Investigation protocol included routine tests and imaging tests. Neurological examination revealed vestibular syndrome and nystagmus which recommended contrast MRI. MRI conclusions: In the right parietal lobe, postcentral, viewed a well-shaped image of 32mm in diameter, nongadolinium-enhanced, sequel looking. An area of oedema with irregular outline in white matter was surrounding it. In the right temporal lobe, adjacent to the sylvian seizure, in hyposignal T2 image showed a nodular-shaped tumor of about 7mm in diameter with discrete central heterogenity (gadolinium-enhanced). No perilesional oedema. Ventricular system located on the midline. MRI based neurosurgical consultation has determined that the tumor was operable and stated the need of postpartum surgery (excision of the brain tumor). All fetal biometric parameters studied were below the 10th percentile for gestational age, showing a linear decrease with gestation until the end of pregnancy. The difference between menstrual age and gestational age determined by ultrasound was 3 weeks and 3 days. Estimated fetal weight was 2420 g, which placed the infant in the 6th percentile. The amniotic fluid index was 7.5 cm, confirming the diagnosis of IUGR. The patient had received dexamethasone treatment with double purpose: fetal lung maturation and reduced perilesional cerebral oedema in order to decrease focal neurological symptoms. The association between IUGR, repeated variable cardiotocography decelerations and brain tumor recurrence with emphasized neurological symptoms imposed urgent caesarean section. Medical committee composed of obstetrician, anesthesiologist, neurosurgeon and neonatologist decided caesarean section under general anesthesia, which was performed 5 days after the admission of the patient. Results A 20 year-old patient, I.A., known with operated and radiochemotreated ganglioneuroblastoma eight years earliar, with ongoing pregnancy (36 weeks) was admitted to our clinic for weak uterine contractions and associated neurological symptoms (vestibular syndrome, nystagmus, slightly right motor deficit). She followed a protocol of blood tests, imaging and interdisciplinary consultations establishing the diagnosis of brain tumor, possible relapse of old pathology. Fetal biometry measurements and fetal biological parameters objectified the existence of fetal distress risk of premature birth or miscarriage. Those set the need for preoperative corticosteroid therapy (Dexamethasone) for lung maturation and perilesional brain oedema control and emergency caesarean under general anesthesia. Caesarean section was performed 5 days after admission, without early nor late intraoperative and postoperative complications. It resulted an unique live female newborn, weighing 2670g, 9 Apgar, with physiological vital functions, not requiring special follow-up. Recovery of the mother was complication-free with persistent, constant postoperative neurological symptoms. When discharged, the patient was recommended ambulatory neurosurgical exam to establish the opportunity of surgery targeting the brain tumor. Discussions Ganglioneuroblastoma is a tumor of the sympathetic nervous system that arises from primitive sympathogonia and is composed of both mature gangliocytes and immature neuroblasts and has intermediate malignant potential (5). These tumors are rare. They occur in fewer than five out of one million children each year (6). Ganglioneuroblastomas are extremely rare in adults, with only about 50 cases documented in people over the age of 20, and only five cases observed in the adult brain (7). There are no reports of ganglioneuroblastoma presenting during pregnancy in medical literature (8). Objectification of brain tumor by contrast MRI was necessary to establish the subsequent therapeutic management, although in literature there are â€Å"not enough studies to determine the safe use of contrast in pregnancy (9). MRI is probably the imaging diagnostic procedure of choice and should be performed when a brain tumor is suspected (10). Before pregnancy the patient was declared cured, as no clinical nor radiological tumor relapse existed for six years. It is likely that pregnancy-induced changes have a tumorigenic effect, due to several factors such as fluid retention, increased blood volume and hormonal changes (11). Pregnancy is an aggravating factor for brain tumours on which it acts by three mechanisms: acceleration of tumor growth, increase of peritumoral oedema and the immunotolerance to foreign tissue antigens that is proper to pregnancy (12). Normal physiological changes during the pregnancy, such as increased levels of gonadotropins and augmented fluid volume status may accelerate the growth of some types of brain tumors (13). The combination of oligohydramnios and IUGR portends a less favorable outcome, and early delivery should be considered (14). Treatment of brain tumor in pregnancy requires an integrated multidisciplinary approach, which includes neurosurgery, ophthalmology, radiology, obstetrics, neonatal pediatrics (15). Indication for type of delivery is controversial. The best moment to recommend the craniotomy and the neurosurgical removal of the tumor will depend of the mothers neurological condition, the histological tumor type as well as the gestational age. In a study published in 2011, performed on 10 patients with brain tumors diagnosed during pregnancy, prior to craniotomy, five patients had caesarean sections, two others had vaginal deliveries, in three patients the delivery took place after the brain tumor treatment(16). The caesarean section was made under general anesthesia. Studies have shown that general anesthesia remains safe and dependable for operative delivery in parturients with intracranial tumor. Tracheal intubation allows maternal hyperventilation thereby controlling raised intracranial pressure. Hemodynamic stability is readily achieved to maintain cerebral perfusion (17). Conclusions Ganglioneuroblastoma is a rare brain tumor in childhood, and appears exceptionally in pregnant women. Pregnancy and brain tumor have mutual negative effect on the patient. Brain tumors that develop in pregnant women have to be diagnosed and assessed through MRI, although the effect of gadolinium contrast on the pregnancy is yet unknown and needs further medical studies. The order of obstetrical an neurosurgical treatment of pregnant women with brain tumors requires an integrated multidisciplinary approach, including neurosurgery, radiology, obstetrics, neonatal pediatrics which have to assess all maternal-fetal risks and benefits. Lack of brain tumor reccurence 6 years after currative neurosurgical treatment was not enough to establish that the patient was cured. The patient suffered a brain tumor relapse 8 years after brain surgery probably due to metabolic and hormonal changes induced by pregnancy. References 1.Robertson H.E. Das Ganglioneuroblastom ein besonederer Typus im System der Neurome. Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat]. 1915;63: 147-168 2. Pavlidis NA. Coexistence of pregnancy and malignancy. The Oncologist 2002;7: 279-87. 3. Carmel Armon, Stephen A Berman. Neurologic Disease and Pregnancy. Medscape reference; 8 nov 2012 4. Ducray F, Colin P, Cartalat-Carel S, et al. Management of malignant gliomas diagnosed during pregnancy. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2006;162: 322–9. 5. Lonergan GJ, Schwab CM, Suarez ES, Carlson CL. Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2002; 22: 911-34. 6. Linda J., Vorvick, MD and Yi-Bin Chen, MD. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD. A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. Ganglioneuroblastoma; Last reviewed: February 7, 2012. 7. Schipper MH, van Duinen SG, Taphoorn MJ, Kloet A, Walchenbach R, Wiggenraad RG, Vecht CJ. Department of Neurology, Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands. Cerebral ganglioneuroblastoma of adult onset: two patients and a review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012 Jul;114(6):529-34. 8. Manjusha Sanjay Rathi. Ganglioneuroblastoma: First presentation during pregnancy; Program: Abstracts Orals, Featured Poster Presentations, and Posters Monday, June 17, 2013; Kings Mill Hospital, Sutton in Ashfield, United Kingdom 9. Black P, Morokoff A, Zauberman J, Claus E, Carroll R. Meningiomas: science and surgery. Clin Neurosurg. 2007;54:91-9. 10. Awada A, Watson T, Obeid T. Cavernous angioma presenting as pregnancy-related seizures. Epilepsia, 38 (7): 844-6, 1997. 11. Wlody D: Neurosurgery in the pregnant patient. Newfield P, Cottrell J, editors. Philadelphia: WW Lippincott; 1999. 12. Depret-Mosser S, Jomin M, Monnier JC, Vinatier D, Bouthors-Ducloy AS, Christiaens JL, Krivosic-Horber R. Cerebral tumors and pregnancy. Apropos of 8 cases. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 1993; 22(1):71-80. 13. Poisson M, Pertuiset BF, Hauw JJ, Philippon J, Buge A, Moguilewsky M, et al. Steroid hormone receptors in human meningiomas, gliomas and brain metastases. J Neurooncol 1983;1:179-89. 14. Golan A, Lin G, Evron S, Arieli S, Niv D, David MP. Oligohydramnios: maternal complications and fetal outcome in 145 cases. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1994;37:91–5. 15. Khalil E Rajab, FRCOG, FFFP Nouf Behzad N, MD, Arab Board. Brain Tumor in Pregnancy. Bahrain Medical Bulletin, Vol 35, No 1, March 2013. 16. Lynch JC, Gouvà ªa F, Emmerich JC, Kokinovrachos G, Pereira C, Welling L, Kislanov S. Management strategy for brain tumour diagnosed during pregnancy. Br J Neurosurg. 2011 Apr;25(2):225-30. doi: 10.3109/02688697.2010.508846. Epub 2010 Sep 8. 17. Lily Chang, Lian Looi-Lyons, Lydia Bartosik, Simon Tindal; Anesthesia for cesarean section in two patients with brain tumours. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. January 1999, Volume 46, Issue 1, pp 61-65 1

Folic Acid Essay -- essays research papers

The New Sensation. Before you sit down to munch on your breakfast cereal or bread, you might want to take notice of a vitamin that seems to be popping up more and more in ingredients. This is being Folic Acid. The FDA is recommending that it be added to foods and that people take it in pill form every day. This is mainly because it is a key component in the never-ending battle our body fights against diseases. What is it capable of? It is proven to lower chances of birth defects, and heart attacks. The FDA has been viewing the evidence of the chances of lowering birth defects and has ordered that enriched gain products increase their amounts of folic acid. This is because it is found that most women who are pregnant do not eat enough fruits and vegetables to have the same impact as Folic acid has. The effect it has is that it decreases the chance of neural birth defects. Neural birth defects can cause death shortly after birth. It is estimated that nearly 400,000 infants have this birth complications because of this, yet it has been proven that what folic acid can do can greatly reduce the risk. Not only can this acid reduce the birth defect rate; it can also lower the chance of heart attacks in men and woman. It is believed that there is an amino acid called homocystine in most people that sometimes may get too high, when this happens it causes scarred arteries and increases the risk of heart attacks. In this articles it states that less than 12-40% of A...

A Review of Emma :: essays research papers

A Review of Emma I’ve read Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and most recently Emma. All of them are wonderful, and I can never decide which one is my favorite book by Jane Austen. But definitely Emma is, to me, a very engaging one. I have no special feeling about this book at first glance. Because of Jane Austen, I choose it and take some patience to read. And finally, the patience is greatly rewarded. Emma is a timeless story which is both funny and compelling. The characters are all really well developed, especially Emma, a 21-year-old girl, who is portrayed as incredibly human. The story is, briefly, about Emma, who is young, beautiful, rich and witty and lives with her father Mr. Woodhouse. She has vowed herself never to marry, but loves to play a matchmaker. She has just matched her tutor, Miss Taylor, up with Mr. Weston. She is quite proud of her success and finds satisfaction in it. In her arrogance, she believes that she knows what is right for everyone, and determined to appoint herself Cupid for all of her friends. Mr. Knightley, a neighbor and the brother of her older sister’s husband, warns her not to meddle in the other’s affairs, but she doesn’t take it seriously. She takes care of a young girl of unknown parentage named Harriet. Harriet is in love with a farmer named Robert Martin, but Emma thinks that he is beneath her, so she encourages Harriet to set her sights on Mr. Elton, a local vicar, as a future husband. Poor Harriet is completely bowled over by Emma. But unfortunately, everything goes to the opposite side, and fina lly Emma knows the fact that Harriet and Mr. Elton are completely unsuited, and that Harriet and her farmer are made for each other. Through a lot of hilarious scenes, Emma comes to realize that she doesn’t know as much as she thinks, and learns that it’s better to let other people manage their own lives. As the other works of Jane Austen, Emma describes the ordinary person and trivial matters. The plot develops around the activities of choosing spouse for the heroines. It reveals the bad habit that people regarded marriage as the economic insurance to woman at that time. In order to raise the economic position, they emphasized the family status but ignored women’s feelings and rights. The main female characters in Emma all seek the equal communication with man, they demand the equal rights in the social position, and insist on the freedom of observing and choosing spouses.

The Life of Ansel Adams :: Photography Photographers Essays

The Life of Ansel Adams President Jimmy Carter, in presenting Ansel Adams with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, best describes the life and work of Ansel Adams. "At one with the power of the American landscape, and renowned for the patient skill and timeless beauty of his work, photographer Ansel Adams has been visionary in his efforts to preserve this country's wild and scenic areas, both on film and on earth. Drawn to the beauty of nature's monuments, he is regarded by environmentalists as a monument himself, and by photographers as a national institution. It is through his foresight and fortitude that so much of America has been saved for future Americans." Ansel Adams has long been hailed as a master of photography. Environmentalist and photographer, he was born February 20th, 1902 in San Francisco California to Charles Hitchcock Adams. He was the grandson of a wealthy timer baron and he grew up in the sand dunes of the Golden Gate Bridge. His family's fortune diminished during the financial panic of 1907 and his father Charles spent the rest of his life trying to rebuild it. In 1906 at the age of 4, Ansel was thrown to the ground during an aftershock of the great San Francisco earthquake and broke his nose, scarring him for life in the process. This physical characteristic along with a natural shyness also led to the young Ansel having problems in fitting in at school. After trying several schools with little success, his parents took him out of main stream schooling in 1915 and Ansel received home tutoring from an aunt and his father. As a result of not attending school, the young Adams had a lot more time to himself and he used much of this time on long walks around the Golden Gate area. It was here that his life-long love of nature grew and it was perhaps this that put him on his path to becoming a landscape photographer. In 1916 there was another event that was to be pivotal in shaping Adams future. On a family vacation to Yosemite National Park, California his parents gave him a Kodak Box Brownie camera. He was to return to Yosemite again every ye ar for the rest of his life. This summer I had the opportunity to live where many of these Yosemite and other pictures were taken. One of his most famous photographs was of the many curves of the Snake River, with the picturesque Grand Teton Mountains in the background.

Brand Positioning and Repositioning

Research Proposal # 1 Name of The Research Proposal: Brand Positioning & Repositioning Brand Positioning In marketing, Positioning has come to mean the process by which marketers try to create an image or identity in the minds of their target market for its product, brand, or organization. Generally, the Brand positioning process involves: 1. Defining the market in which the product or brand will compete (who the relevant buyers are) 2. Identifying the attributes (also called dimensions) that define the product ‘space' 3. Collecting information from a sample of customers about their perceptions of each product on the relevant attributes 4.Determine each product's share of mind 5. Determine each product's current location in the product space 6. Determine the target market's preferred combination of attributes (referred to as an ideal vector) 7. Examine the fit between: oThe position of your product oThe position of the ideal vector 8. Position. Characteristics of Brand Position ing Brand positioning strategy is important to develop in order to get to number one in a customer's mind for your products or services. If you don't develop a plan, customers won't think about you when they go to make a purchase.This is sure to lead to low sales and, ultimately, business failure. Here are some characteristics of brand positioning strategy that anyone can use for business: Unique Benefits What benefits does a customer gain from buying your product or services? It's not enough to develop a generic benefits list that all of your competitors offer. What unique benefits do you offer? This takes diligent research of the competition, as well as prospective customers. Your brand positioning strategy has to revolve around your customers, and what they will benefit from a relationship with your business.Otherwise, they'll go to the competition, where they perceive they can get the most for their money. Quality Products or Services The Internet has made it easy for customers to get low prices, and harder for you as a home based business owner to beat larger competitors. However, you can still occupy a higher position over large service firms and product stores by building a brand image that highlights quality products or services. For example, if you're a freelancer, you may not be able to compete on price with freelancers from other countries.However, if you're known as a freelancer who offers quality services, you'll gain a higher brand position than low-priced competitors. You might even be able to charge higher prices for higher quality services, and the higher price may help build that perception that you're offering quality, whereas your competitors are not. Great Features You need to think through the features of your products or services that would make customers choose you in the first place, and use it in all of your advertising strategy. Take the time to write a product or service description for everything you offer.Cross out the ones that d on't meet the threshold of a great feature. Even if you only have one or two points about your product or service that qualifies, you can use that to differentiate yourself from the competition and boost sales. For example, if you're selling a home security system on Ebay, it's not enough to highlight the fact that it comes with 4 cameras and a DVR. Every similar home security system does, and your customers have no reason to buy from you, rather than someone else on Ebay. However, you could highlight that the security system ends images in real time to your email. Now your product is more compelling to consider, and you'll get more sales, even from a competitor that offers a cheaper price. Problem Solver A brand positioning strategy that works well, especially during hard economic times, is positioning yourself as a problem-solver. You want to focus on offering the very best solutions for the problems your target market faces. Your customers will associate your ability to problem-s olve with your ability to save them time, money and pain, which will keep them with you and not the competition.When you use these major characteristics of a brand position strategy, you can improve sales and your financial bottom line. If you don't take the time to work on a strategy, your business won't do as well, and your marketing efforts will be counter-productive. Types of beverage Water Drinking water or potable water is water of sufficiently high quality that it can be consumed or used without risk of immediate or long term harm. In most developed countries, the water supplied to households, commerce and industry is all of drinking water standard, even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation.Over large parts of the world, humans have inadequate access to potable water and use sources contaminated with disease vectors, pathogens or unacceptable levels of dissolved chemicals or suspended solids. Such water is not potable and drinki ng or using such water in food preparation leads to widespread acute and chronic illnesses and is a major cause of death in many countries. Reduction of waterborne diseases is a major public health goal in developing countries. Alcoholic beveragesAn alcoholic beverage is a drink that contains ethanol, commonly known as alcohol (although in chemistry the definition of â€Å"alcohol† includes many other compounds). Beer has been a part of human culture for 8000 years. [1] In Germany, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and many other European countries, drinking beer (and other alcoholic beverages) in a local bar or pub is a cultural tradition. [2] Non-alcoholic beverages Non-alcoholic beverages are drinks that usually contain alcohol, such as beer and wine, but contain less than 0. 5% alcohol by volume.This category includes low-alcohol beer, non-alcoholic wine, and apple cider. Soft drinks The name â€Å"soft drink† specifies a lack of alcohol by way of contrast to the term à ¢â‚¬Å"hard drink† and the term â€Å"drink†, the latter of which is nominally neutral but often carries connotations of alcoholic content. Beverages like colas, sparkling water, iced tea, lemonade, squash, and fruit punch are among the most common types of soft drinks, while hot chocolate, hot tea, coffee, milk, tap water, alcohol, and milkshakes do not fall into this classification.Many carbonated soft drinks are optionally available in versions sweetened with sugars or with non-caloric sweeteners. Hot beverages A hot beverage is any beverage which is normally served heated. This may be through the addition of a heated liquid, such as water or milk, or by directly heating the beverage itself. Some examples of hot beverages are: †¢Coffee-based beverages oCafe au lait oCappuccino oCoffee oEspresso oFrappe oFlavored coffees (mocha etc. ) oLatte †¢Hot chocolate †¢Hot cider oMulled cider †¢Gluhwein †¢Tea-based beverages oFlavored teas (chai etc. ) o Green tea oPearl milk tea oTea Herbal teas oYerba Mate †¢Roasted grain beverages oSanka Miscellanea Some substances may be called either food or drink, and accordingly may be eaten with a spoon or drunk, depending upon their thickness and solutes. †¢Buttermilk †¢Soup †¢Yogurt Beverage industries in Bangladesh Bangladesh Beverage Industry: In Bangladesh the beverage industries are playing a great role in the economy. The beverage industries involves those companies and products that are given below, The soft drinks market in Bangladesh consists mainly of seven companies. 1. Abdul Monem Limited (Coca-Cola, Sprite, Fanta). . Agriculture Marketing Company Limited (Pran). 3. Akij Group (Mojo, Lemu, Frutika). 4. Global Beverage Limited (Virgin). 5. Globe Soft Drinks Limited (Uro Cola, Uro Lemon). 6. Partex Beverage Limited (RC Cola, Lychena). 7. Transcom Beverage (Pepsi, 7up, Mirinda). Of these, Pran and Mojo are the only local brands. Coca-Cola, with its three varieti es, namely, the cola-flavored Coca-Cola, the clear-flavored Sprite and the orange-flavored Fanta, is the number one soft drink producer in Bangladesh, as well as all over the world. Closing in on Coke is rival Pepsi.Pepsi is one of the oldest brands in Bangladesh. Pepsi first arrived in Dhaka in 1976 with the cola-flavored Pepsi, the clear-flavored 7up, the orange-flavored Mirinda and later introduced the mango-flavored Slice. Pran, on the other hand, started with jam, jelly and pickle. In 1995, it started producing mango bottled juice, and is currently operating all over the country. Virgin is renowned worldwide through its brand name. It was introduced in our country by Global Beverages Ltd. RC Cola entered the Bangladesh market in 1997, and was the first to introduce the cloudy lemon flavor.It has not been long since Akij group brought out Mojo and Lemu. They have already gained huge popularity. The recent success of Akij group is Frutika, which delivers the promise of no preserv atives. Characteristics of beverage that constitute brand There should have some unique characteristics of particular product to constitute as brand in the market. A product should have some feature that gives value to the consumer. Brand attributes consist of ‘bits’ of information that are linked to a brand name in consumer memory and that, when combined with the brand name, make up brand’s image.Product attributes are the benefits of products, and these Benefits are the surface means used in advertisement and promotion offer to connect the brand with a motivation which influence brand attitude. Perceived quality is defined as the consumer's judgment about a product's overall excellence or superiority. Attributes, Taste/Flavor, Digestion, Calorie Content, Sugar Content, Pungency, Price, Color, Hygiene, Brand Image and Power of Freshness were taken into consideration for constituting brand.

Dear Senator

Dear Senator I am a long-time resident of Idaho, and I am writing to express my concern about recent discussion and the pending decision to employ the Boulder White Cloud Wilderness Bill. I understand that the decision is being considered to enable the bill to be passed in the House of Representatives later this month. However, I do not believe that the benefits of the Wilderness Bill outweigh its inherent flaws. Consider: Wilderness areas are selected to serve as safe havens and homes to our nation’s wild species; they should not be treated as parcels of land to be purchased and used to build trophy homes for the wealthy. The further bias of the bill towards land use for motor vehicle recreation will disrupt the natural habitats of many animals, not to mention put people in harms way. Allowing the Bill to cater to ATV drivers, snowmobile enthusiasts and motorcyclists, will promote pollution, encourage greater numbers of vehicle accidents, and possibly lead to the deaths of unknowing victims that are attacked by large preditors in the territory. It would seem that providing acreage for an official Wilderness Area would create longstanding natural resources. However, consider that the Bill allows nearly 3,000 acres of land to be dispense, free of charge for local Idaho counties to develop any way they deem appropriate. Would an incinerator, oil refinery or chemical plant built on the very edge of wilderness be appropriate? As already mentioned the Bill would also allow the purchase of land in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area for the building of trophy homes. A Wilderness Area should be for wilderness, not a human resort with spackled areas of â€Å"rustic† wealthy dwellings. Lastly, I have heard that the state and local governments will have as much authority as the federal agencies to determine the process of fire hazard prevention within the boundaries of this area. If bulldozers and chainsaws enter into the picture unchecked, what will prevent entire forests from being razed? Are these tradeoffs that we really want to make? I am curious to know all of the details of this bill, rather than just the rumors I have read about and heard. I would also like to know your stance regarding the bill, and what actions you intend to take regarding its exploitation. I am looking forward to your response and insight on the matter. Sincerely, References: Barker, R. (2003, December 8). In Boulder-White Cloud mountains, another wilderness compromise. High Country News. Retrieved online June 21st, 2006, from http://www.hcn.org/servlets/hcn.Article?article_id=14429 Ekker, T. (2006, February 15). Devil in the details of Boulder-White Cloud Wilderness Proposal. Lowbagger. Retrieved online June 21st, 2006, from http://lowbagger.org/boulderwhitecloud.html Stahl, G. (2004, June 23). Boulder-White Cloud plan scrutinized. Idaho Mountain Express. Retrieved online June 21st, 2006, from http://www.mtexpress.com/2004/04-06-23/04-06-23wildcriticism.htm   

Lbj’s Great Society

Lyndon Baines Johnson moved quickly to establish himself in the office of the Presidency. Despite his conservative voting record in the Senate, Johnson soon reacquainted himself with his liberal roots. LBJ sponsored the largest reform agenda since Roosevelt's New Deal. The aftershock of Kennedy's assassination provided a climate for Johnson to complete the unfinished work of JFK's New Frontier. He had eleven months before the election of 1964 to prove to American voters that he deserved a chance to be President in his own right. Two very important pieces of legislation were passed.First, the Civil Rights Bill that JFK promised to sign was passed into law. The Civil Rights Act banned discrimination based on race and gender in employment and ending segregation in all public facilities. Johnson also signed the omnibus Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. The law created the Office of Economic Opportunity aimed at attacking the roots of American poverty. A Job Corps was established to provi de valuable vocational training. Head Start, a preschool program designed to help disadvantaged students arrive at kindergarten ready to learn was put into place.The Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) was set up as a domestic Peace Corps. Schools in impoverished American regions would now receive volunteer teaching attention. Federal funds were sent to struggling communities to attack unemployment and illiteracy. As he campaigned in 1964, Johnson declared a â€Å"war on poverty. † He challenged Americans to build a â€Å"Great Society† that eliminated the troubles of the poor. Johnson won a decisive victory over his archconservative Republican opponent Barry Goldwater of Arizona. American liberalism was at high tide under President Johnson. The Wilderness Protection Act saved 9. 1 million acres of forestland from industrial development. †¢The Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided major funding for American public schools. †¢The Voting Rights A ct banned literacy tests and other discriminatory methods of denying suffrage to African Americans. †¢Medicare was created to offset the costs of health care for the nation's elderly. †¢The National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities used public money to fund artists and galleries. †¢The Immigration Act ended discriminatory quotas based on ethnic origin. An Omnibus Housing Act provided funds to construct low-income housing. †¢Congress tightened pollution controls with stronger Air and Water Quality Acts. †¢Standards were raised for safety in consumer products. Johnson was an accomplished legislator and used his connections in Congress and forceful personality to pass his agenda. By 1966, Johnson was pleased with the progress he had made. But soon events in Southeast Asia began to overshadow his domestic achievements. Funds he had envisioned to fight his war on poverty were now diverted to the war in Vietnam.He found himself maligned by conservatives for h is domestic policies and by liberals for his hawkish stance on Vietnam. By 1968, his hopes of leaving a legacy of domestic reform were in serious jeopardy The turbulent 1960s reached a boiling point in 1968. When the year began, President Johnson hoped to win the war in Vietnam and then cruise to a second term to finish building his Great Society. But events began to spiral out of his control. In February, the Tet Offensive in Vietnam brought a shift in American public opinion toward the war and low approval ratings for the President.Sensing vulnerability, Eugene McCarthy challenged Johnson for his own party's nomination. When the Democratic primary votes were tallied in New Hampshire, McCarthy scored a remarkable 42 percent of the vote against an incumbent President. Johnson knew that in addition to fighting a bitter campaign against the Republicans he would have to fight to win support of the Democrats as well. His hopes darkened when Robert Kennedy entered the race in mid-March. On March 31, 1968, Johnson surprised the nation by announcing he would not seek a second term.His Vice-President Hubert Humphrey entered the election to carry out Johnson's programs. The Great Society program became Johnson's agenda for Congress in January 1965: aid to education, attack on disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation, development of depressed regions, a wide-scale fight against poverty, control and prevention of crime and delinquency, removal of obstacles to the right to vote. Congress, at times augmenting or amending, rapidly enacted Johnson's recommendations. Millions of elderly people found succor through the 1965 Medicare amendment to the Social Security Act.Under Johnson, the country made spectacular explorations of space in a program he had championed since its start. When three astronauts successfully orbited the moon in December 1968, Johnson congratulated them: â€Å"You've taken †¦ all of us, all over the world, into a new era. . . . † Nevertheless, two overriding crises had been gaining momentum since 1965. Despite the beginning of new antipoverty and anti-discrimination programs, unrest and rioting in black ghettos troubled the Nation. President Johnson steadily exerted his influence against segregation and on behalf of law and order, but there was no early solution.The other crisis arose from Viet Nam. Despite Johnson's efforts to end Communist aggression and achieve a settlement, fighting continued. Controversy over the war had become acute by the end of March 1968, when he limited the bombing of North Viet Nam in order to initiate negotiations. At the same time, he startled the world by withdrawing as a candidate for re-election so that he might devote his full efforts, unimpeded by politics, to the quest for peace. When he left office, peace talks were under way; he did not live to see them successful, but died suddenly of a heart attack at his Texas ranch on January 22, 1973.

For school Essay

The New York City Marathon is acknowledged as one of the Greatest Races. The short races, like 100 to 10,000 meters are sports events—this marathon has evolved as a unifying force in USA. Fred Lebow, who chalked out the blue-print for this race, was a visionary and he succeeded in creating a unique connectivity within the people of cross-sections of the society. â€Å"Fred Lebow was a dreamer, the kind of dreamer who pursued his dream and made it a reality. And the world is still reaping the rewards. â€Å"(Rubin, 2004, p. 7) He foresaw the extraordinary commercial potentialities of this event, in which many thousands actively participated and some millions viewed, thanks to the technological advances and internet revolution. Lay people from the remotest countryside enjoyed the event live! In any race, only one is the final victor but the satisfaction derived by large numbers of participants donning colorful attires is also great. They have the special reason to be proud of, because they have participated in the NYC marathon of Fred Lebow! Why does it give the Big Apple its happiest and unifying day of the year? The expression â€Å"Big Apple† is as glorious as the popularity of the marathon. It refers to the era of Depression-of the 1930s. Many issues are associated with this name. The side-walk apple vendors are credited with extensively using this expression. A popular dance of the 1930s was also known as the â€Å"Big Apple. † The Morning Telegraph carried a regular column with the title, â€Å"Around the Big Apple. † It was immensely liked by the readers. The marketing strategists began to cash on the popularity of the expression, â€Å"Big Apple. † Its status enhanced to become a popular brand! Many consumer items like shopping bags, ties, lapel pins, ashtrays, tie tacks, magnets and T-shirts began to flood the market. Fred Lebow fully utilized the commercial aspect of â€Å"Big Apple† for his marathon. He made participation in the marathon race the ambition of life of every runner. He believed, â€Å"In running it doesn’t matter if you come in first, in the middle of the pack, or in the last. You can say, ‘I finished. ’ There is a lot of satisfaction in that. † Ron Rubin, the author of this book, is Professor of political science at Borough of Manhattan Community College. NYC marathon has united Americans of all categories and classes transcending man-made barriers. That which is popular with the youth of the country has to be popular at all levels. Lebow applied power, the central concept of political science, for his role in mass marketing, capturing the keys to the city, squeezing money from sponsors: One can not make the sweeping statement that Fred Lebow squeezed money from the sponsors. To secure money from the sponsors, who are marketing wizards and sales strategists, is no ordinary task. Lebow won over them with his expertise and guile. He outsmarted them by presenting the well-researched statistics as for the popularity of the marathon. The science of marketing was at the infancy in the 1970s, and without being a marketing expert in the professional sense, without any academic qualifications in marketing, what he did was indeed a marvel. Marketing experts had to accept defeat and accept his proposals. In the College of self-education, Lebow’s mind was his Principal; his initiative, the Professors; his hard work the tutors! He was a man to decide and act; start and finish! He was willing to work very hard to translate his marathon dream into a reality. The most important part of his style was he worked intelligently. Otherwise, how could he convert a small countryside sports exercise into a mega-event that demanded the attention and appreciation world over? He knew how power worked. How power can support and push up issues. Lebow hails from Romania. He immigrated to New York in 1949 and began to run by joining New York Road Runners. Perhaps he was thinking deep and high as he ran across the jogging tracks of Central Park, Manhattan! Power and high-pitched ambition with right attitudes, makes a great combination. When in 1969, he became the Club President Lebow knew what he was up to! This volunteer based leisure club became the business enterprise of Marathon. He set a profit target and was out to achieve it. For promoting the event, he made appropriate use of the print and the electronic media. He gave them ample quotes and real-life stories. He undertook all publicity gimmicks that helped the cause of the marathon. His capacity to inspire the common man was immense. And surprisingly he was not a competitive runner. He also ran with other runners and that did the trick! The 800-acre park race became the five boroughs race! The marathon turned out to be the â€Å"Apple City† event. The topics in the book covered by Ronald Ruben provide the correct picture as for the innovative marketing strategies followed by Lebow. He has been rightly labeled as a Showman, apart from a sports-loving individual. His marathon-show was to inspire the people; for benefit to the people; by the people and for the people! He groomed runners! Some of his boys proved to be outstanding marathon runners! The noticeable chapters in the book that speak about the personality and the marketing capacity of Lebow are, From Arad to Central Park, Framing a Five-Borough Party, King of New York for a Day â€Å"Running† the Show, Unschooled Mass Marketing, Wrestling the Keys to the City, Squeezing Money from Sponsors, Manipulating the Media, Shrewdly Assembling His International Entourage of Runners, Amassing a Crew to Help The Race to the Finish and finally and unfortunately, The Race against the Cancer! And finally ‘the nature said that the work is done’ and Lebow’s race was run! With undaunted spirit, and with never-say-die attitude, he ran the last mile of the race, as a brain cancer patient. The sportsperson spirit prevailed over his physical ailment. Lebow was a bachelor and he nursed the marathon like his own child. As a person, he was loveable, pushy, manipulative, charming and hotheaded –all clubbed into one! Lebow was a shrewd planner. He knew well that no big event can be managed without adequate resources. His mission, therefore, had a commission (money) angle! On the day of the marathon, he was unstoppable and was seen everywhere, from the beginning of the race to the finish! He was there at the starting line, made sure that the race went smoothly, and at the finish line he was the first one to congratulate all the runners. He made everybody feel important. He could well understand how the finishing line was emotionally important to every marathon runner. He dealt with the sponsors superbly. He tendered before them unchallengeable facts and figures, to prove to them how the sponsorship would work to their advantage. Here is the example of his extraordinary salesmanship. He quoted $75,000 for the honor of providing the pace vehicles for the male and female leaders. The proposal was promptly turned down by the party and the counter proposal that he made, showed how the sixth sense of Lebow worked. He offered to pay them $10,000 to appoint an independent market analyst, as for making the assessment of the benefit the company will derive of this exposure, of which Lebow would take 10%. He hoped to net $ 100,000 thus! The company relented and gave him $50,000 and the use of a Buick for one year! â€Å"Some are born great, some achieve greatness and some have greatness thrust upon ‘em. † (Shakespeare†¦. ) Fred Lebow belongs to the second category. He had a dream and he worked to make it a reality. He made the NYC marathon a mass movement and now half a million Americans run marathons all over USA. Top marketing Managers emulate his strategies. He instilled the sense of competition and fighting spirit among the common runner. The wise saying goes, ‘Life is to be lived in is trials and tribulations; its duty and beauty. ’ Lebow lived up to every syllable of this quote. â€Å"Fred Lebow was a dreamer†¦ the kind of dreamer who pursued his dream and made it a reality. And today, more than thirty years later, the world is still reaping the rewards of his vision and hard work†¦. Fred Lebow’s life was [truly] a story just waiting–and deserving–to be told. † (Rubin, 2004†¦Preface) Of the 69 marathons, he ran only once! Conclusion: One feels marathon race is part of one’s life, once you go through the contents of the book. â€Å"For me, running is a lifestyle and an art†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Lebow. He evolved the culture of marathon. He converted a sports event into a cultural and social saga and people looked forward and participated in it with extraordinary enthusiasm. This book, â€Å"†¦. T-Shirt† is no ordinary shirt. Below that shirt one can hear the throbbing beats of the References: Rubin, Ron (Author) Burke, William A(Foreword) Book: Anything For A T-shirt: Fred Lebow Paperback: 328 pages Publisher: Syracuse University Press (October 31, 2004) Language: English ISBN-10: 0815608063 ISBN-13: 978-0815608066 Shakespeare, William: Book: Twelfth Night, Act ii, Scene 5

Skills and values for a social worker to become a competent and Essay

Skills and values for a social worker to become a competent and reflective practitioner - Essay Example Social work is carried out by professionals with a strong penchant to assist people the improving their daily lives by solving issues like personal and family problems. They, also assist individuals to deal with relationships, disability, life-threatening disease, inadequate housing, substance abuse, domestic conflicts or unemployment. The responsibility of the social worker thus includes research, involvement in planning or the development of policies to advocate better services to the client. This requires a social worker to possess adequate knowledge, skill,s and values to deal with specific situations. Generally, social workers with state mandated license are called licensed clinical social workers. Social workers are required to have the relevant theory-based knowledge to improve their competence while working with clients. In various instances, the lack of professional knowledge has lead to incompetence and even to the loss of lives. Social work practitioners should be aware of the six factors that show the theory is important for practice. The six factors are models, perspectives or approaches, prescriptions, explanation, accountability and justification

Article on artist Nina Valetova Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On artist Nina Valetova - Article Example cinatory effect which is conspicuous in several paintings is the result of the perfect blend of oil colors, very few artists in the whole wide world can create such a fine impact. The theme of surrealism which means something unimaginable has been very well presented in the works, this only goes to show how talented and creative the artist really is, Nina deserves to be extolled for her exceptional creativity. The works also reveal several tales but the viewers must put their heads to good use because she does not present the whole tale, most works need to be deciphered, only smart viewers would be able to do so. Her works are very enigmatic, at times the viewers feel that the works are frozen in time, the next second they feel that the same works are brimming with life, it becomes very incomprehensible for the viewers to understand the enigma surrounding the paintings. This again goes to show the ability of the artist to keep the viewers on tenterhooks. Each canvas is unique and presents new stories reveled by the artist, such uniqueness is hard to find elsewhere. The artist has put in a conscious effort to actively experiment with dimension and composition which has given an edge to her works over others, the paradoxical nature of the works has made them much more intriguing than it originally would have been. A viewer who is short of philosophical depth would not be able to comprehend the theme of the different canvases. The artist has dug deep to find irrationality of the modern society and several paintings portray the same. The unpredictability of the modern day society has also been presented in several painting. To conclude it is very fair to say that Nina is certainly unique from other artists’ she dares to experiment and think out of the box, her experimentation with different oil colors has always paid off, her experimentation with structure and dimension has also been very successful. Lastly, one needs to have philosophical depth to be able to

The Role of Iron in Attenuating Tooth Deterioration Coursework

The Role of Iron in Attenuating Tooth Deterioration - Coursework Example onally, it is a transmissible, multifactorial, and dietobacterial disease, and the presence of iron in the diet plays a role in the clinical and development features of the infection. Despite the fact that this disease is complex and as such a grave threat to toddlers, it is preventable. From their research, the authors were able to deduce that those with low serum iron content had a higher risk of having dental caries. According to the article, ECC is generally believed to be directly related to the establishment of S. mutans in the early stages of tooth deterioration. In this, iron has an inhibitory role, which prevents the growth of the microorganism, thus, preventing tooth deterioration. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the authors suggest that there is a need to assess the level of iron in children with ECC. Schroth, Robert, Levi, Jeremy, Kliewer, Eleonore, Friel, James  and   Moffatt, Michael. "Association between iron status, iron deficiency anemia and severe ealry childhood caries: a control study." BMC, (2013): 13:22. Similarly, from the research by Schroth et al. (13-22), one is able to deduce the role of iron in attenuating teeth deterioration. In their article, the authors noted that tooth decay generally affect the well-being of children. They noted this through their studies that included the assessment of differences in regard to the nutritional status between children with and those without Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC). From their finding, which young children with S-ECC have a low ferritin status compared to those with no caries. Additionally, they reported that children with S-ECC are characterized with low haemoglobin level than those who are dental caries-free. The former had a high level of iron deficiency as compared to those children who are cavity free. In regard to the above, it is important to note that in most cases low hemaglobin is considered a sign of low iron levels in the blood leading to anemia. With the above

International law extra Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International law extra - Essay Example It was however difficult to pinpoint the location of the 48th Battalion responsible for the Tet offensive. After gathering intelligence reports, the military authorities collectively decided that the 48th Battalion was near the village of My Lai. American military authorities then planned to seek out and neutralize the 48th Battalion through the elements of the Task Force Barker. Their orders from their military officers were to clean out the area and destroy the villages. The civilians however were to be spared. When the different platoons, including Charlie Company, were deployed to the suspected area, they met no resistance, no Viet Cong, no 48th Battalion. Only Vietnamese civilians appeared to occupy the village. And for William Calley and other members of the Charlie Company, they felt it was their time to take revenge for the men they lost in combat and for the atrocities that the Viet Cong committed against them. â€Å"Soldiers shot old men sitting outside their homes, women carrying water, children searching for places to hide† (Olson & Roberts, p. 22). Not one of these Vietnamese fired back, and yet they were gunned down by the soldiers. Calley ordered his men to shoot all the civilians because their superior officers ordered them to. Some of the soldiers disobeyed the orders and others reluctantly carried out the orders. Calley was in his element. He happily pulled the trigger on every man, woman and child at the My Lai village. And in the end, Charlie Company â€Å"rounded up and killed as many as 500 unarmed women, children, and elderly Vietnamese in the hamlet of My Lai 4 in Son My, South Vietnam† (Wilkins, p. 77). Lt. Calley was court-martialed, charged with the murder of Vietnamese civilians. Four officers and nine enlisted men were also charged with murder. However, most of these charges were dropped and only a few, especially the charges against Calley, made it through to trial. Private

The Acquisition of Tense by L1 Arabic Learners of English Language Research Proposal

The Acquisition of Tense by L1 Arabic Learners of English Language - Research Proposal Example One explanation for the difficulty is the Aspect Hypothesis. There is also a Perceptual Salience Hypothesis (Man, 1990). Others have proposed that syntactic knowledge is not impaired, rather that the cause is extra-syntactic (Prevost & White, 2000). Also for Arabic speakers, there is the problem when final consonant clusters occur which are avoided in their L1. Such phonetic differences pose difficulties (Strange, 1995). Confusion of past tenses was one of the main types of errors in tenses reported in a study of Arab learners of English at the University of Sudan (Kambal, 1980). According to the Aspect Hypothesis, â€Å"learners associate forms that mark time with the lexical aspect inherent in the meaning of the verb† (Robinson, 2008:317). Bardovi-Harlig (1998) and Anderson & Shirai (2007) are proponents of the Aspect Hypothesis. Syntactic theory is advocated by the likes of Donna Lardiere (2007) and is a development of Chomsky’s principles. She suggests that the central question is â€Å"how a learner manages to associate the particular featural specifications of the target language – that is, a syntactic representation – with their overt realization in the input† (Archibald, 2000:103). According to the syntactic theory it is either a deficiency in the knowledge of syntax or incorrect mapping of syntactic representations that cause complications in acquiring tense. The difficulty in the formation of verbal inflections in L1 Arabic Learners of English Language is due to the influence of L2 acquisition of verbal inflectional morphemes. The applicability of this Aspects Hypothesis will be tested and the alternative hypothesis offered by syntactic theory will be considered within the context of SLA (Second Language Acquisition). Children in schools are readily available subjects for study and suitable because they are at am active learning age. 30 students will be sought at 3 different proficiency levels whose first language is

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HULSE CHRISTMAS WAR LETTER ANALYSIS - Assignment Example In his first letter we are getting cognizance with Hulse`s point of view about the War of 1914, which was declared Germany in August,1914. According to the historical works this decision is often described as the beginning of the World War One. Germany got an ultimatum form Britain`s Prime Minister of that period - Herbert Asquith on the 3rd of August1. So, Asquith `s simple decision had cataclysmically influenced the British society. Hulse names in his letter flanking directions of the army for Gernany, be sea and by Belgium. He expresses his admiration for Churchill as â€Å"his action and the war-like spirit is compatible with his popularity and personal advancement†2. Before the letter dated the 12th of August 1914 their unit was resting and this made the narrator angry, he wanted to start greater action, and on that day he describes the following way â€Å"we start tonight, about midnight, but do not know destination or anything yet†3. Hulse tried not to write in his letter the most strategically important things. Like every person he used to describe also ordinary things like cold autumn. The letter of 27 November is not full of happiness. The soldiers get sick and the Germans are winning on the Western Front, but the most quantity of legends about World War One is about the first Christmas of the 1914, mentioned in the letters. The general situation looked as the British were fighting in the mud of Flanders and got an impression that the Germans want to destroy everything on their way. This impression was clearly broken. â€Å"It was absolutely astounding, and if I had seen it on a cinematograph film I should have sworn that it was faked†4, in such manner lieutenant of the 2nd Scots Guards Sir Edward Hulse described this event. On Christmas Eve the Western Front were not involved into great battles compared to the previous days of this month. The trenches heard the sound of the Christmas carols. German

Reformation in England and Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reformation in England and Germany - Essay Example The revolt was gradual process which started during 12th century and was somewhat achieved in the 16th century with the great works of reformers and various sacrifices around the world. Martin Luther in one of his works 'Ninety Five Thesis' complained about the greed and corruption taking place in the Church and mailed this to local bishops to take action against such indulgences.(www.nga.gov) Luther initiated Protestant revolution and emphasized on private devotion rather than emotional experience of God. Lutheran ideas initially spread disarray, rebel among civilians as they believed that such religious dissent would bring civil war and spiritual danger. Lutheran ideas were gradually accepted as a revolt to put an end to Papacy of Rome. Various reformation movements took place in Germany in 1522 and 1524 which made a moderately impressed the rebellions. (www.orlutheran.com) Peasants' War during 1524 was an attempt to put an end to economic suppression and papal diplomacy. Various meetings between the Lutheran reformers and Emperor and Roman Catholic did not yield any results.

This report will be focusing Essay Example for Free

This report will be focusing Essay This report will be focusing on the different functional areas of a business, i. e. Administration, Finance and Human Resources Task 1 Functional Areas are the different areas of a firm. Each functional area has a different objective to the next. Sales will be the main turnover part of the business whereas Human Resources (HR) will be the hiring and firing of personnel. Marketing are in touch with the consumer and Finance take care of the money. The different areas include (but are not limited to): Human Resources, Marketing, Sales, Finance, and Administration (also known as Admin) And Customer Services. Task 2 This table shows which Department or Functional Area has the most importance and what they do Department Explanation Activities Importance Human Resources This functional area has the responsibility of using and developing the organisations personnel in the most productive way. Hiring and Firing, taking interviews. Making sure the employees are happy and, in some cases dealing with pay negotiations and dealing with strike situations Very Important as without HR there wouldnt really be any employees. Without happy employees, there could be strikes etc. Administration IT Services Administration provide the backup needed to run every other department, i. e. the day-to-day jobs Dealing with post, photocopying, dealing with visitors, telephone switchboard, IT Services Probably the most important as no other function can work without it, especially without IT support Finance Managing the money coming in and out, paying taxes and raising money for the business Handling money, paying the VAT man, handling taxes Very important the CEO would get indicted for not paying VAT and Tax Marketing Sales. Finding out what products customers need and advertising the products to them Advertising and selling the product to the customers Very important as without selling your goods you wont have any income Customer Services Looking after customers requirements and dealing with their complaints Contacting customers and being contacted about returns, advice, complaints and enquires Probably the least important as once youve sold your product you dont really need any further contact with the consumer Task 3 Charlton Athletic FC Human Resources. One specialist personnel officer who is responsible for all aspects of training, recruitment, interviews and development. Managers of all departments also have a responsibility for some aspects of various personnel issues. Payroll section responsible for paying all departments Finance Each department has its own budget and must meet all costs from this. Departments may request emergency funds if the budget is overspent Administration Each senior manager has his/her own Personal Assistant. Everyone does their own administration. The admin dept. also has the I. T. department within Marketing 3 Departments who deal with the marketing and sales aspect of the firm Marketing Department This department deals with sponsorship and selling stadium boxes to the public for matches Communications Dept. This department designs and updates the website, also they design, write and print brochures and matchday programmes Public Relations (PR) The PR dept. deals with player appearances to the press, they deal with all press enquiries and arranging player interviews on T. V. and Magazines Charlton also have a Schools Visit Programme in which they visit schools in Kent and South-East London to further the Charlton reach. Customer Services Charltons Customer Services department doesnt actually exist. Complaints are dealt individually with by the manager of each department. Chartlon apparently take complaints very seriously. Big complaints may be dealt with by the Chief Executive of Charlton himself. Any complaints not dealt with by the club may be handed to an independent inspector from the IFC (Independent Football Commission). Bromley Library Human Resources 42 people in total work in the Library which is down from last year The different roles include Group manager, Assistant Director of Education who is the chief librarian and Senior Customer Service Manager. You could argue that the Director of Education, Ken Davis is the head of the library There is a central HR section within the Education and Libraries dept. The HR dept. is mostly training and hiring new All Bromley Libraries put together get an average of about 2-3000 visitors a day so health and safety is important. There is an HS Executive who visits all the libraries and investigates certain problems Finance It is a legal requirement that Libraries cannot charge for books but libraries can charge money for videos, DVDs and CDs. Their funding includes New Opportunities grants (A Lottery Fund) and Government Grants. Administration This includes an IT repairman with a team of technicians who goes out to branches to sort out any IT problems Task 4 Internal Communication: Communication between the different functional areas and different people within the same functional area of the same company. External Communication: Communication to someone outside of the company, for example Banks, Suppliers, Customers, Shareholders, Stakeholders etc. Task 5 Type Of Comm. Explanation Advantage Disadvantage Verbal Conversation A real-life conversation between 2 or more people, face-to-face. Feels more personal, no technology that can fail and interrupt your conversation Someone can overhear your private conversation Telephone Conversation A conversation between 2 people on the telephone Can be private as it is only you and the other person that can hear Can get cut off, can be expensive Telephone Conferencing. A telephone conversation between more than 2 people Talk to you work colleagues when you are all in another country If one person gets cut off the conversation cannot continue without him/her. Expensive Meetings A formal meeting between important people in the firm. Usually no more than 10-15 people Meetings can be a useful place to share ideas You might not want to be in the same room as someone Video Conferencing The same as telephone conference but with a live video image of the person(s) you are speaking to. Video conversations can be made with a 3G (3Gigabit) phone or over the internet using MSN Messenger, Yahoo! Messenger or Skype 2 Seeing your colleagues can be more personal and can feel like a meeting If one person wants to leave the entire conversation stops. Can be expensive Letters A formal external communication method between to groups Letters are always clear and to the point Slow to arrive and get lost on the post. Post is 29p Email is free Memos An internal form of letter, usually less formal Will always reach the person as it goes through internal mail Takes a long time to reply Email An electronic mail that can arrive in another part of the world in less than 3 seconds. Can be used for anything and does not have to be formal Can reach the other side of the world in around three seconds. Can be replied to instantly. Can be sent to more than one person instantly Sometimes too informal and can be lost on servers Fax A written document that is scanned and sent across phone lines A letter that can reach the other side of the world in seconds Can get lost on the phone lines. Document may not scan well. Black and white only Notices A kind of memo pinned to a notice board to inform the passers-by Notices can inform anyone about what is going on and it cannot be private May not reach the person(s) you want it to Skype and other VoIP applications It allows you to make free calls to other Skype users and very cheap calls to Landlines and Mobiles. Now, with Skype 2 you can add video to your conversation A cheaper alternative to making phone calls. The call is sent over your broadband connection so is quick and clear. No national or international charges You have to pay (albeit very little) for calls to landlines and mobiles   Aaron L. Lovegrove Page 1 09/05/2007 Page 1 of 7 Business Studies Unit 1 Functional Area.